ADVANCES OF MODERN SECURE COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE AND ITS OPTIMIZATION IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK

Routing is yet another very challenging design problem for WSNs. A correctly designed routing protocol shouldn't only ensure a higher message delivery ratio and occasional energy consumption for message delivery, but additionally balance the whole sensor network energy consumption, and therefore extend the sensor network lifetime Motivated because WSNs routing is frequently geography-based, we advise a geography-based safe and effective Cost-Aware Secure routing (CASER) protocol for WSNs without counting on flooding. CASER protocol has two major advantages: (i) It ensures balanced energy use of the whole sensor network so the duration of the WSNs could be maximized. (ii) CASER protocol supports multiple routing strategies in line with the routing needs, including fast/slow message delivery and secure message delivery to avoid routing trackback attacks and malicious traffic jamming attacks in WSNs. We advise a safe and effective Cost-Aware Secure Routing (CASER) protocol for WSNs. Within this protocol, cost-aware based routing strategies do apply to deal with the content delivery needs. Actually, the foe is infeasible to look for the previous hop source node through routing trackback analysis. Furthermore, the probability for that foe to get multiple messages in the same source node continuously is minimal for big sensor systems. The content is first transmitted to some randomly selected intermediate node within the sensor domain prior to the message has been given to a network mixing ring in which the messages from various directions are mixed... The quantitative security analysis demonstrates the suggested formula can safeguard the origin location information in the adversaries. Our extensive OPNET simulation results reveal that CASER can offer excellent energy balance and routing security. Our analysis and simulation results reveal that we are able to boost the lifetime and the amount of messages that may be delivered underneath the non-uniform energy deployment by greater than four occasions

NK-CD11c+ Cell Crosstalk in Diabetes Enhances IL-6-Mediated Inflammation during Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection

In this study, we developed a mouse model of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using streptozotocin and nicotinamide and identified factors that increase susceptibility of T2DM mice to infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). All Mtb-infected T2DM mice and 40% of uninfected T2DM mice died within 10 months, whereas all control mice survived. In Mtb-infected mice, T2DM increased the bacterial burden and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production in the lungs relative to those in uninfected T2DM mice and infected control mice. Levels of IL-6 also increased. Anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibody treatment of Mtb-infected acute- and chronic-T2DM mice increased survival (to 100%) and reduced pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine expression. CD11c+ cells were the major source of IL-6 in Mtb-infected T2DM mice. Pulmonary natural killer (NK) cells in Mtb-infected T2DM mice further increased IL-6 production by autologous CD11c+ cells through their activating receptors. Anti-NK1.1 antibody treatment of Mtb-infected acute-T2DM mice increased survival and reduced pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine expression. Furthermore, IL-6 increased inflammatory cytokine production by T lymphocytes in pulmonary tuberculosis patients with T2DM. Overall, the results suggest that NK-CD11c+ cell interactions increase IL-6 production, which in turn drives the pathological immune response and mortality associated with Mtb infection in diabetic mice

Converter and Output Filter Topologies for STATCOMs

This chapter reviews different converter topologies and output filter configurations used in STATCOM applications. The output voltage and harmonic control of a STATCOM is obtained by individual control of each switch in the STATCOM. Several converter topologies can be considered for STATCOMs. The multi-pulse converters are developed using the most widely known 6-pulse configurations. The variations of multi-pulse converters such as 12-pulse, 24-pulse and 48-pulse that are built by combining 6-pulse converters via phase-shifting isolation transformers are introduced in terms of control methods and structures in this chapter. On the other hand, the multilevel converters are considered to be used in recent STATCOM topologies as an alternative to the multi-pulse configurations, owing to their multi MVA switching capability that is inherited from series or parallel connection of converter cells. The diode clamped, flying capacitor, and cascaded H-bridge configurations of multilevel converters, that are the most widely known topologies, are comprehensively introduced in this chapter. The multilevel converter topologies provide several advantages such as harmonic elimination, lower electromagnetic interference, better output waveforms, and increased power factor correction (PFC) capabilities together. Furthermore, each switch can be controlled individually to robustly tackle the unbalanced load operations even in higher switching frequencies relatively to the multi-pulse configuration. The related subsections propose control and operation properties of converters besides introducing the main topological issues. The filtering requirements of STATCOM are particularly considered in this chapter where the passive and active filters are introduced in detail. The passive filters designed with reactive components such as individual L and C or their combinations as LC or LCL are surveyed according to design and analytical criteria. Besides, active power filters (APFs) that provide several feedback control methods increasing the efficiency and controllability are discussed in the following part. The control methods of STATCOM converters are introduced in a separate section where the recent control approaches and analytical calculations required are presented in detail. The block diagrams of the industrial STATCOM applications are also discussed